The most common problem associated with a septic system is lack of maintenance. To keep a system healthy and in top working order, it should be serviced every three to five years. The frequency of service will depend on various factors related to usage such as the number of people in the home or age of the system.

A septic system is a highly efficient, self-contained underground wastewater treatment system. Common to all septic systems is (1) the septic tank and (2) a leach area or absorption area. Wastewater from the home is transferred into the tank through an inlet pipe, retained for a period of time in the tank and naturally processed. As more wastewater transfers into the tank the liquid, referred to as effluent, is carried away through an outlet pipe into the leach area. As it reaches the leach area it filters across the leach rock and is further decontaminated by the surrounding soil.

All the wastewater in a septic system will travel through the septic tank. There it will naturally form three layers:

1. scum - grease or oils lighter than water - floats on top of the water
2. clear zone - biologically active water between the scum and sludge levels
3. sludge - or solid matter heavier than water that builds up at the bottom of the tank

Because the scum layer is generally comprised of non-degradable substances such as soaps or cooking fats, it will remain in the tank. The clear zone is where most of the bacteria live, and it is constantly working to decompose the sludge layer. The sludge layer accumulates at the bottom of the tank and requires periodic removal in order to prevent it from building up to the point that it is transferring out into the leach area.

A septic tank is out of sight and out of mind... until it fails and the homeowner has a sewage backup in the home. That is why it is important to know about your system and have it routinely serviced.